{"product_id":"islam-authoritarianism-and-underdevelopment-a-global-and-historical-comparison","title":"Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAhmet T. Kuru\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaperback, 316 pages\u003cbr\u003e9781108409476\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA Global and Historical Comparison\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhy do Muslim-majority countries exhibit high levels of authoritarianism and low levels of socio-economic development in comparison to world averages? Ahmet T. Kuru criticizes explanations which point to Islam as the cause of this disparity, because Muslims were philosophically and socio-economically more developed than Western Europeans between the ninth and twelfth centuries. Nor was Western colonialism the cause: Muslims had already suffered political and socio-economic problems when colonization began. Kuru argues that Muslims had influential thinkers and merchants in their early history, when religious orthodoxy and military rule were prevalent in Europe. However, in the eleventh century, an alliance between orthodox Islamic scholars (the ulema) and military states began to emerge. This alliance gradually hindered intellectual and economic creativity by marginalizing intellectual and bourgeois classes in the Muslim world. This important study links its historical explanation to contemporary politics by showing that, to this day, ulema-state alliance still prevents creativity and competition in Muslim countries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContents\u003cbr\u003ePART I PRESENT\u003cbr\u003e1 Violence and Peace\u003cbr\u003e2 Authoritarianism and Democracy\u003cbr\u003e3 Socioeconomic Underdevelopment and Development\u003cbr\u003ePART II HISTORY\u003cbr\u003e4 Progress: Scholars and Merchants (7th to 11th Centuries)\u003cbr\u003e5 Crisis: The Invaders (12th to 14th Centuries)\u003cbr\u003e6 Power: Three Muslim Empires (15th to 17th Centuries)\u003cbr\u003e7 Collapse: Western Colonialism and Muslim Reformists (18th to 19th Centuries)\u003cbr\u003eConclusion\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Cambridge University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41038970454051,"sku":"9781108409476","price":63.8,"currency_code":"SGD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/2514\/8624\/files\/DSC_6701_69069009-1065-411f-a023-3d4946c4cacc.jpg?v=1762858261","url":"https:\/\/wardahbooks.mom\/products\/islam-authoritarianism-and-underdevelopment-a-global-and-historical-comparison","provider":"Wardah Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}